QUESTION:
In the Qur’an we read: “O Believers! Fasting is prescribed on you as it was prescribed for those before you, so that you may become righteous. (Fast) a certain number of days. But whoever of you is ill, or on a journey, (shall fast instead the same) number of days later on. Those who find fasting a strain too hard to bear may compensate for it by the feeding of a needy person. He who does good of his own account does himself good thereby; for to fast is to do yourselves good, if you but knew it.” (2:183-184) Please comment!
ANSWER:
I am personally not inclined to relate religious duties and directives, especially in matters of worship, to their apparent physical advantages. The underlying purpose of all such duties and directives is to equip man adequately to fulfil his role in this life and to prepare him for the achievement of the standard of perfection designed for him in the hereafter. Nevertheless, I do not deny any benefit which we may observe or scientists may discover to result from the fulfilment of such religious duties and directives. It goes without saying that Allah takes into consideration the physical constitution of man before. He lays down his duties for him. We must not, however, relate our religious duties solely to what our human knowledge discovers. Our knowledge is, after all, limited and cannot fully comprehend the divine wisdom behind everything that relates to man and his education and training, let alone comprehend everything that relates to the universe.
Allah knows that man requires help and motivation in order to respond to duty and fulfil it regardless of its benefits. It takes time for man to get used to a certain duty and to be convinced of its wisdom. Hence, the decree of fasting starts with the address made to the believers which reminds them of their essential quality, that is, they believe in Allah. They are then told that fasting has always been a duty required of the believers in all religions. Its principal aim is their education and training so that they acquire a high standard of sensitivity and purity and that the fear of Allah is well established in them: “O Believers, fasting is decreed for you as it was decreed for those before you, so that you may become righteous.”
The fear of Allah or righteousness, then, is the great aim of fasting which looms large before our eyes. As the believers fulfil this duty, in total obedience to Allah and in pursuit of His pleasure, they feel the quality of fearing Allah to be a life within them. This is indeed the quality which guards their hearts against spoiling their fast by indulging in sin, even if it is of the type which only passes through the mind. Those who are addressed by the Qur’an are fully aware of the value Allah attaches to this quality of fearing Allah and being conscious of it. Its acquirement is something for which they yearn. Fasting is a tool with which it is achieved, or, we may say, a way which leads to it. Hence, the Qur’an raises it before them as a noble objective which they try to achieve through fasting.
They are then told that fasting is prescribed only for a certain number of days. It is not to be practised every day in their lives. Exempted from it, however, are those who are ill, until they have recovered, and those who are travelling, until they have settled: “Fast a certain number of days. But whoever of you is ill, or on a journey, shall fast instead the same number of days later on.”
Taken at its face value, the statement concerning the exemption of the ill and the travellers is general, unrestricted. Hence, any illness or journey is a good reason for exemption from fasting, provided that compensation is made when the case which justifies the exemption no longer obtains. This is my understanding of this general, unqualified Qur’anic statement. Moreover, it is more in line with the Islamic concept of relieving the strain and causing no hardship. The exemption is not related to the severity of the illness or the hardship of the journey; it is related to sickness and travelling generally. The purpose of the exemption is that it is Allah’s wish to make things easy, not hard, for the believers.
There may be some considerations known to Allah and unknown to man in these two cases. There may be some hardships which may not immediately appear to us or we may tend to overlook. Since Allah has not attached this exemption to any particular reason, we refrain from making any judgment concerning it. We obey any statement Allah has made, even if its wisdom does not appear immediately to us. What is certain is that there is wisdom behind it, although we may not necessarily recognize it.
Some people may fear that such an opinion may cause people to be lax or to neglect their religious duties for any reason. Indeed, this is what has prompted Muslim scholars to adopt a stricter attitude and to lay down conditions. This argument, however, does not justify, in my opinion, attaching any restrictions to an unqualified statement made by Allah. Islam does not compel people to be obedient. Its method is to implant in them the fear of Allah so that they obey Him. The acquirement of the quality of fearing Allah is the particular aim of this type of worship. He who tries to make use of certain concessions made by Allah in order to evade fulfilling a duty is, in the first place, devoid of goodness. With such an attitude, the aim behind the religious duty can not be fulfilled. We must not forget that Islam is a religion laid down by Allah, not man-made. Allah knows best that this religion achieves a perfect balance between the relaxation of certain duties and strict adherence to duty. A certain exemption or concession may serve a certain interest which cannot be served otherwise. Indeed, this must be the case. Hence, the Prophet ordered Muslims to make use of the concessions and exemptions Allah has allowed them.
If it so happens that people, in a particular generation, have become corrupt, their reform cannot be achieved through an extra strict application of Allah’s rules, but through their education and motivation to acquire the quality of fearing Allah. If a strict application of the rules which govern human transactions may be used as a deterrent or as a means to prevent evil when corruption spreads, the same cannot be applied to matters of worship. Worship is a relationship between man and his Lord which has no direct effect on the interests of human beings, in the same way as the rules governing human transactions have. Appearances in matters of worship are irrelevant, unless worship is based on fearing Allah. If this quality is present, no one would try to evade a duty or utilize a concession except when he is fully satisfied that making use of it is preferable, in obedience to Allah, in the particular case in which he finds himself. A strict application of the rules which govern acts of worship generally, or a tendency to restrict the exemptions which have not been qualified originally, may cause some people to refrain from using them when they need them. Moreover, it has little effect in checking those who want to be evasive. It is far better to handle matters in whatever way Allah has made clear to us. He has far more wisdom that (what may be apparent from) His rules which lay down duties or relax them.
As for the exemption from fasting in cases of illness, it appears to me that the exemption applies to every case which may be reasonably described as illness, regardless of its nature of intensity. It is compulsory for anyone who makes use of this exemption to compensate for the days of Ramadhaan which he does not fast because of illness or travelling. Each day is compensated for by fasting one day at any time during the year. The weightier opinion is that there is no need to fast on consecutive days when one fasts in compensation for the days he did not in Ramadhaan.